基于CROPWAT模型对不同典型年冬小麦灌溉制度的研究

利用1951—2010年的气象数据,采用CROPWAT模型对枯水、平水、丰水3个典型降水年冬小麦的灌溉制度进行研究。结果表明,3个不同的典型降水年充分灌溉净灌溉定额分别为353.3、342、296.2mm,灌水次数依次为8、7和6次;4次关键水条件下净灌溉定额分别为229.1、222.2、212.3mm。     

Simulation of hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins: taking the Heihe Mainstream River as an example

The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.     

黄土高原昕水河流域径流变化归因定量分析

近几十年来,黄土高原昕水河流域实测径流量减少显著,对区域生态环境及用水安全造成严重影响。采用水文模拟途径,还原了天然径流量系列,在此基础上,定量评估了气候要素和水土保持等人类活动对河川径流量的影响。结果表明,考虑融雪过程的水量平衡模型对昕水河流域径流量具有较好的模拟效果,率定期及检验期Nash-Sutcliffe确定性系数均在70%以上,模拟的相对误差也小于3%。径流量系列自1966年发生了较为明显的变化,1966—2010年流域径流量深较前期减少29.2 mm,其中,包括流域水土保持措施的人类活动对河川径流量变化的影响约站49.3%,气候要素变化的影响略微偏高,约占50.7%。因此,在未来流域治理及生态文明建设中,气候要素变化对流域水文水资源的影响必须引起足够的重视。     

基于混合分布非一致性年径流序列频率参数的计算

【目的】在2个分布组成的混合分布假设下,研究非一致性年径流序列的频率参数计算问题,为陕北及关中地区的水资源利用与管理提供依据。【方法】假设非一致性年径流序列变异点前后的序列分别服从2个对数正态分布或2个P-Ⅲ分布,全序列服从由这2个分布组成的混合分布,采用水文变异点综合诊断方法,确定非一致性年径流序列的变异点,最后采用模拟退火算法对混合分布序列进行频率参数估计。【结果】将基于混合分布非一致性年径流序列频率计算的方法应用于陕北及关中地区的实测平均流量序列,理论频率与经验分布拟合较好。【结论】混合分布模型是进行非一致性年径流序列频率计算的一种有效途径。     

不同植被和水文条件下苏北盐沼土壤TN、TP和OM剖面特征

以盐城国家珍禽自然保护区盐沼湿地为例,分析了不同植被带土壤中全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和有机质(OM)的剖面变化特征,探讨了盐沼植被和水文条件对TN、TP和OM剖面变化的影响。结果表明:不同植被带土壤中TN、TP和OM含量变化显著,其中,互花米草带中的TN和OM含量最高,分别为(0.96±0.09)g/kg和(17.26±0.80)g/kg;光滩中TN和OM含量最低,分别为(0.07±0.01)g/kg和(0.98±0.13)g/kg,而光滩中TP含量最高,为(0.98±0.03)g/kg。不同植被对土壤TN、TP和OM等养分的转化、吸收、累积过程具有不同程度的影响;另外,由人工围堰和淡水补给引起的水文条件变化通过影响土壤的盐分,进而影响植被的分布,最终对整个盐沼生态系统土壤中TN、TP和OM的剖面变化产生重要的影响。     

城市建设与规划的地学层面思考

从地学角度探讨了城市工程建设与城市规划当中应当注意的基本问题,并从城市的水文地质条件、区域地壳稳定性、地形地貌条件、城市岩土体工程地质特性等方面进行了展开论述,最后得出了城市工程地质评价的基本原则.     

Balanced exploitation and coexistence of interacting,size‐structured,fish species

This paper examines some effects of exploitation on a simple ecosystem containing two interacting fish species, with life histories similar to mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and cod (Gadus morhua), using a dynamic, size‐spectrum model. Such models internalize body growth and mortality from predation, allowing bookkeeping of biomass at a detailed level of individual predation and growth and enabling scaling up to the mass balance of the ecosystem. Exploitation set independently for each species with knife‐edge, size‐at‐entry fishing can lead to collapse of cod. Exploitation to achieve a fixed ratio of yield to productivity across species can also lead to collapse of cod. However, harvesting balanced to the overall productivity of species in the exploited ecosystem exerts a strong force countering such collapse. If balancing across species is applied to a fishery with knife‐edge selection, size distributions are truncated, changing the structure of the system and reducing its resilience to perturbations. If balancing is applied on the basis of productivity at each body size as well as across species, there is less disruption to size‐structure, resilience is increased, and substantially greater biomass yields are possible. We note an identity between the body size at which productivity is maximized and the age at which cohort biomass is maximized. In our numerical results based on detailed bookkeeping of biomass, cohort biomass reaches its maximum at body masses <1 g, unlike standard yield‐per‐recruit models, where body growth and mortality are independent externalities, and cohort biomass is maximized at larger body sizes.     

2015年冬季南黄海水文特征及海-气CO2通量分析

基于2015年冬季在南黄海海域现场观测获得的CTD和CO2等数据,分析了该海域海-气CO2通量,探讨了该海域冬季温、盐度和表层CO2分压(pCO2)等要素的分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:冬季南黄海西侧海域受黄海沿岸流的影响,呈现低温、低盐的特征,南黄海中部受黄海暖流影响,呈高温高盐特征;南黄海靠近沿岸海域水体垂直混合强烈,温盐垂直分布较为均匀.南黄海海域表层pCO2平均值为(385.34±43.62) μatm.表层pCO2分布具有明显的区域差异,海区中部pCO2整体上大于近岸,因受长江冲淡水与黄海沿岸流的水平及垂直混合作用,长江口北部局部区域最高通量达27.81 mmol/(m2·d),但总体表现为大气碳汇,平均通量达(-2.47 ±3.91)mmol/(m2·d);山东半岛东南部海域较高的pCO2受控于温度,同时与黄海沿岸流带来的高碳酸盐等水体的混合有关,表现为大气碳源,平均通量为(0.11 ±0.80)mmol/(m2·d).整个调查海域平均通量为(-2.24 ±3.74)mmol/(m2·d),表现为大气CO2的碳汇.     

古尔图河气象水文要素变化特征与下游艾比湖生态的关系

基于1974—2014年古尔图河新渠首水文站的水文气象数据,运用累积距平法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法及小波分析法对气象水文要素的序列变化趋势、突变特征及周期变化规律进行综合分析,并论证古尔图河气象水文要素与奎屯河、艾比湖之间的关系。结果表明:(1)近40年来,气温、降水、径流均呈现先降后升的变化趋势,其年际变化率分别为7.95%,15.84%,6.68%;(2)气温在1980s末期发生突变,降水突变时间早于气温(1980s初期),径流突变时间最晚(1990s末期);(3)气象水文要素呈现多种不同尺度的振荡周期,气温、降水和径流的年代际变化周期以25~28年、17~22年、4~6年最为常见;(4)径流与气温之间存在良好的相关性,与降水的关系较为复杂;(5)奎屯河的径流变化趋势基本与古尔图河呈正相关关系,20世纪70年代初期艾比湖生态环境恶化的主要驱动因素是人类的过度开发。     

基于交互熵原理的水文分布参数估计研究

【目的】研究交互熵法进行水文分布参数估计的普适性。【方法】应用最小交互熵原理研究Gumbel分布参数估计,在此基础上应用蒙特卡洛试验检验交互熵法统计性能,然后结合矩法和线性矩法等传统参数估计方法,以陕西省关中地区周至、武功、蒲城、礼泉、白水、潼关6个水文站年降水序列为例,计算年降水量设计值并拟合实测值序列,利用累积相对偏差平方和评价理论年降水量频率曲线对实测值序列的拟合效果。【结果】蒙特卡洛试验检验表明,交互熵法所求设计值的有效性指标估计量标准偏差(SE)和均方根误差(RMSE)小于矩法和线性矩法,偏差指标控制在7%以内;交互熵法估计周至、武功、蒲城、礼泉、白水、潼关6个水文站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 017 68,0.000 065 62,0.000 019 66,0.000 063 00,0.000 014 12和0.000 016 61,线性矩法估计上述6站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 087 62,0.000 093 55,0.000 086 52,0.000 101 39,0.000 065 15和0.000 069 05,矩法估计上述6站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 108 74,0.000 125 40,0.000 092 41,0.000 127 65,0.000 085 49和0.000 093 57。由此可知,交互熵法不仅具有较好的有效性与合理的不偏性,而且与实测序列的拟合效果也明显优于传统方法。【结论】交互熵法是一种可行的水文分布参数估计方法,能有效提高Gumbel分布参数的估计精度。